An
Analysis Of Implicatures Found In The Novel “The Old Man
And
The Sea” By Ernest Hemingway: A Pragmatics Approach
Lisbon
Simanjuntak
Student Of Department of English Literature of Putera Batam University
Gaguk Rudianto
Lecturer of Putera Batam University
ABSTRAK
Setiap penutur memiliki
makna dalam ungkapan mereka yang harus dimengerti oleh pendengar, dan makna yang dipahami oleh
pendengar seharusnya selaras dengan apa yang dimaksudkan oleh penutur. Ciri
ciri penggunaan bahasa diatas termasuk jenis implikatur, yaitu penggunaan
bahasa yang sedang diteliti penulis didalam sebuah novel berjudul “The Old Man
and the Sea” karya Ernest Hemingway. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk
mengetahui jenis implikatur yang digunakan dalam novel tersebut. Cara pengumpulan data dalam penelitian ini adalah
dokumentasi dari berbagai sumber. Cara menganalisa data dilakukan menggunakan
interpretasi dan membandingkan tiap data dengan teori- teori yang berhubungan.
Penelitian ini bersifat kualitatif yang mengelompokkan percakapan menurut
implikatur dan jenisnya. Penulis menemukan pemakaian implikatur 29 kali, 26
diantaranya adalah particularized dan 3 yang lain adalah generalized
implicature.
Kata kunci: Pragmatik, Implikatur, Metode
Kualitatif dan Novel.
INTRODUCTION
Language
is a set of comunication tool used by human being to interact verbally among
them in the society in their daily life. Verbal interactions that people
made applied in all aspect of life whole
day as long as they live in the world.
People interacts using language to other member in their families, interacts at
workplace with co-workers, interacts to other people in society. In short, people interacts everywhere and everytime to support
activity they made. Language facilitates people to make a communication in the
society, making friends, giving information, giving commands or even making
enemies.
One
type of language used by human being is implicatures. It is the style of language that provides other
message outside of what was uttered or outside what was said in an expression.
According to Grice (1991: 25) Implicatures is terms of art, the verb of
implicate and the related nouns implicatures (Implying) and implicatum (what is
implied).
Grice
sees that some utterance or expression has meaning outside what is stated.
Grice devided meaning based on what is
said and what is meant by
speaker. What is said is meaning
based on word formation which constructs an utterance, and what is meant is message or final assumption to the utterance.
According to Davies (1998:5) implicatures can be understood as speaker’s
meaning is differ from sentence meaning.
The
fenomenon of implicature also can found in the novel “The
Old Man and the Sea” by Ernet Hemingway. After completely reading the novel
the researcher identify some problems which is suitable to study by doing
research. The problem that identified by the researcher has relationship
with implicatures phenomenon concluded
as follows: (1). The use of conventional implicatures. (2). The of conventional
implicatures. (3). The use of conversational implicatures . (4). The use
generalized conversational implicatures. (5). The use particularized
conversational implicatures. (6). Implication of utterance. (7). The use of
maxim and it’s parts.
After
identified some problem as seen in the identification
of the research, the researcher decided
to limit the problem which is going to analysed as follows: (1). The use
generalized conversational implicatures in the novel “The Old Man and the Sea” by Ernest Hemingway. (2). The use
particularized conversational implicatures in the novel “The Old Man and the Sea” by Ernest Hemingway
This
research is conducted to the answer all
formulation of the problem of the thesis
which is described as follows: (1). What are the generalized conversational
implicatures used in the novel “ The Old Man and the Sea” by Ernest
Hemingway?. (2). What are the particularized conversational implicatures used in the novel “ The Old Man and the Sea” by Ernest Hemingway?.
Based
on the formulation of the research above, the
objective of the research in the thesis are: (1). To figure out the use of generalized conversational
implicatures in the novel “ The Old Man and the Sea” by Ernest
Hemingway. (2). To figure out the use of particularized conversational
implicatures used in the novel “ The Old Man and the Sea” by Ernest
Hemingway.
REVIEW OF THE RELATED LITERATURE
AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
Pragmatics
Pragmatics
is a subdivision of linguistics which is known as study of language use in
relation to language structure and contex use. (Akmajian 2001:354). Furtermore,
(Cruse 2006:133) stated that pragmatics deals with aspects where context must
be taken in to account, and according to Paltridge (2006:53) pragmatics is a study of meaning in relation
to the context in which a person is speaking or writing includes relation to
background knowledge context, where languange user know each other and know about the world.
The
researcher concludes that pragmatics as a sub-division of linguistic which is
concerns with meaning where the meaning is influence by contex or situation of
conversation. The meaning in pragmatics also has relationship with background
of where conversation took place and the ability of the language user to
observe the utterance meaning.
The
meaning of utterance and it’s relationship between context of situation or
background of the situation combines with knowledge to an expression can be seen in the sentence “Good bye” which is stated by a girl to her boyfriend in an
airport compare with “Good bye” which
stated by a girl to her boyfriend in the situation of difficult relationship.
The
context of situation in this sentence is very contrast. The first girl in the
airport stated “Good bye” in hoping
that his boyfriend would comeback soon meanwhile the second girl who has
difficult relationship with her boyfriend uttered “Good bye” to declare the end of their relationship. So the “Good bye” in first sentence can be understand as “Bye-bye and see you again” and the second “Good bye” can be understand as “Bye-bye
and never comeback again.”
Implicatures
The
theory of implicatures is a theory where Grice underline the words implicate,
implicatures and implied. Implicatures is as terms of art, the verb of
implicate and the related nouns implicatures (implying) and implicatum (what is
implied). It is a theory that strictly separates what is said by the speaker and what
is meant (Grice 1991:25). In short, the defenition of implicatures is the
speaker’s meaning is different from sentence meaning. Based on Davies (1998:5) speaker
implication is indirect speaker meaning: meaning one thing by meaning another.
The difference between what is said and what is
meant on an expression or utterance can be seen in the conversation where
A, a new reside asking the direction to Tembesi to a Batam resident in the bus
stop below:
A.
Do
you know how to reach Tembesi?
B.
Follow
me.
The
meaning of utterance “Follow me” can be seen in two types. Meaning based on what is said and meaning based on what is meant. The meaning based on what is said is suggestion to follow the speaker and the
meaning based on what is meant is
that the speaker know how to reach Tembesi.
Conventional
implicatures
The
first type of implicatures is conventional implicatures. Grice (1991:25) says
that conventional meaning of word used will determine what is implicated
besides helping to determine what is said. It can be said, that in some form of
utterance, especially in the utterances that consists of two idea and joined by
conjunction (even, therefore, but) would sometimes produces meaning outside
what can be seen in the stucture of the sentence. The conventional implicatures
is conventional meaning of the words came by consequence link between two
sentence.
The
term of what is implicated and what is said in an utterance can be seen
in the sentence given as follows:
“He
is an Englisman, he is, therefore brave.”
The
meaning of this sentence (based on what
is said) is , he is an Englisman and also brave. This sentence also has
another meaning (based on what is
implicated) that determine that the
man’s bravery is followed by his background as an Englishman. The second
meaning of this sentence came by consequence link between two sentence.
Non-conventional
implicatures
The
second type of implicatures is conversational implicatures that derived from
nonconventional implicatures which Grice call as conversational implicatures
(Grice 1991: 26). However, Grice sees that conversational implicature is still
a large of subject then Grice (1991:37) devided conversational implicatures
into two parts, they are generalize conversational implicatures and particularized
conversational implicatures.
Particularized
conversational implicature
First
type of conversational implicatures is particularized implicatures. Particularized
implicatures is present in conversation by the influence by the virtue of special feature of context (Grice
1991:37).
The
special feature of context can be drawn as element of environment that
influence the whole meaning of utterances. Element of conversation can be came
from the speaker himself, came from the hearer, and even from the world or
society. According to Mey (2001:40) the presence of food in the mouth of
speaker while speaking, referent or action, and the ability to undersatand the
utterance are parts of context. All this features may change the meaning of an
utterance.
Cumming
(2009:14) gave example of the presence of the special feature of context as
shown by utterance below where the
speaker (A) invited the hearer (B) to his party by saying:
A.
Do
you want to come round to my place tonight for dinner ?
B.
John’s
mother is visiting this evening.
Cumming
says that utterance produced by B is particularized implicatures. The B answer can be understood as a refusal
to the invitation. The B answer is particularized implicatures and has
relationship with context. Context in the conversation is (B is Jhon wife, B
knew that Jhon’s mother will visit them this evening, so, B can not present the
party because her mother in law will visit them this evening).
The
B utterance above can be described as a type of talk exchange where the hearer
most likely to give reason of refusal to an invitation rather than say
agreement such as “O.K” or “yes” or refusal such as say “no”. The type of
utterance like B answer often appears in people’s daily conversation and
understand by the hearer knows his partner well.
Generalized
conversational implicature
The
last type of conversational implicatures is generalized implicatures.
Generalized implicatures is a type of utterance which uses scale or
generalization word in the sentence. According to Cumming (2009: 15) Grice
proposed generalized conversational implicatures, where the use of scale in the
information of utterances is became the typical of this implicatures. The same
opinion also described by Carston (2002: 111) who concluded the taxonomy of
generalized often attached to particular item such as ‘and’, ‘the’, ‘some’,
‘looks’,’know’, etc.
Cummings
(2009:16) gives example the use of scale as in the sentence below:
A.“There
will be eight of us on the committee.”
B.“There won’t be more then eight of
us on the committee.
Another
example of generalized implicatures can be seen in an example given by Grice
below:
Mr X is meeting a woman
this evening
There
is a generalization of word “woman” in the sentence above that does not give
clear explanation about which woman does Mr X is meeting with. But even so,
the hearer would understand and accept
that the woman that Mr X is meeting is somebody other than his wife or
relatives. So this sentence implicated that Mr X meeting someone other than his
wife, othert than his mother and other than his sister. (Grice 1991:37).
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY.
Research
design
A
product produced by a process, and the process to make a product needs
structurized steps. In research, it’s called research methods. De Munk (2009:9)
drawn research design as process that has linear step in making something. Similiar
perception given by Khotari (2004:31) who describes research design as what
researcher did from the start (writing the hypothesis) to the end (analysing
data). According to (Cresswel 2003: 3)
research methods devided into three types, they are; Qualitative method,
Quantitative method, or mixed methods.
In
this thesis, the researcher employs qualitative approach to answer questions in
objective of the research that concerned with subjective assessment of
attitudes, opinion and behaviour. The researcher picks this novel as the object
of the research because the novel is a reflection of attitude, opinion and
behaviour. The novel reflect people attitude toward language. The novel also
has quality became an object of the research since dialogues, utterances or
expression in the novel contains dialogue related to implicatures.
Method
of collecting data
Actually,
there are two types of data, according to M’cNeil and Chapman (2005:131). They
are: (1). Primary data. It is the data collected by researcher by using observation,
interview, or survey), and (2). Secondary data. It is the evidence data produced by other resercher in various
document.
Method of collecting data in this thesis
is documentation. Documentation is way of collecting data from publics and
private document. This activity done by researcher in three steps: (1). Reading
the novel. the researcher would read the novel comprehensiply to investigate or
to seek the use of implicatures in the dialogue of characters. (2). Underlining.
The activity of underlining can be done while reading the novel (object of the
research). This procedure usefull to separate the use of implicatures with
common dialogue. (3). Collect the data. All data related to implicatures will
be gather or collect in one file. The researcher also would numbering the data
orderly.
Method
of analysing data
Method
of analysing data in this thesis is interpretation or meaning of the data by using conparison of the finding with information from literature
and extant teories (Cresswell 2003: 262). This activity done at the time the
researcher did below activities: (1). Doing reduction. This activity can be
done by researcher at the same time with collecting data. This act done by researcher while reading the object
of the research by giving codes to the dialogue such as underlined the data
that has relationship to implicatures and it’s parts. By doing coding, the
researcher reduces raw and complex data into simple data. (2). The second type
of analysing data in this thesis is data display. In this procedures, the
researcher will separated data based on it types. All data will be grouped into
three types defend on implicatures types or based on formulation of the problem
in the thesis.
Method
of presenting data
The
way of reporting the finding can be do in three ways, Dawson (2007: 135) mentioned
the ways of reporting your findings can be done in three ways: written reports,
journal reports, and oral presentation. The way of presenting data in this
thesis is journal report. Journal report is the way to publish the research
result in order to reach the wider audience.
By doing this, the researcher let the people know research result in
hoping that it would give benefit to the reader.
RESEARCH FINDING AND DISCUSSION
Particulariced
conversational implicature
Some data or dialogue in the novel
chategorized as particularized implicatures if the speaker presenting the
special feature of context into the utterance. The special feature of context
is element of conversation which is came from the speaker himself, came from the hearer, or came from the world
or society. Contex can be associated with food in the mouth of speaker while
speaking, referent or action, and the ability to undersatand the utterance are
parts of context.
The quotation below are group of
quotation that uses special feature of context in the dialogue or utterances.
In this chategory, the speaker brings context into the conversation and hopes
that other participants are understand the utterance.
Quotation
1
“Santiago,” the
boy said to him as they climbed the bank from where the skiff was hauled up. “I
could go with you again, we’ve made some money.”
The old man had
taught the boy to fish and the boy loved him.
“No,” the old man said. “You’re with a lucky boat. Stay with them.”(page
1 line 16-19).
Dialogue
above took place in the seashore where
the boy inisiates to help the old man who just arrived from the sea. The
particularized implicatures here produces by the old man. The boy wants to fish with the old man
tomorrow and the old man refuses the boy by giving reason of refusal. The
sentence “You’re with a lucky boat. Stay with them” is the signal of utterance
that related with particularized implicature. This sentence given by the old
man to support his refusal to the boy request. By stating the second utterance,
the old man tries to refuse the boy’s request to go fishing with him. This
sentence meaning can be assume as: “No”, it is better for you to go with your father rather than
me”.
Quotion
2.
“Can I offer you a beer on the terrace
and then we’ll take the stuff home.”
“Why not?” the old man said. Between
fisherman.” (Page 1 line 27-29)
This
conversation took place in the seashore. The particularized implicatures in
this conversation generates by the oldman. The signal of particularized
implicature can be seen in the old man second sentence “Between fisherman”. The
boy offer him a beer and he answered by saying “Between fisherman”. Actually
the hidden meaning which is not said in this sentence is between fisherman are
commonly to treat each other. Fisherman help each other in the sea so they also
can treat each other in the society too.
Quotation
3:
“Can I go out to get sardines for you
tommorrow?”
“No. Go and play
baseball. I can still row and Rogelio will threat the net.” (page 2 line 10-11)
The particularized implicatures here
produces by the old man. The signal of particularized implicature in the
sentence is “Go and play baseball . I can still row and Rogelio will threat the
net”. Actually, The purpose of the the boy to go fishing with the oldman is to
help the old man or at least to serve him. However the oldman knew the boy plan
so he refuses him. The meaning of the oldman’s utterance is “ I don’t need your
help today so you can do other thing to entertain yourself”.
Quotation
4:
“I would like to go. If I can not fish
with you. I would like to serve in some way.”
“You bought me a
beer,” the old man said. “You are already a man.” (page 2 line 12-13).
The
conversation above is the type of particularized implicature. The
particularized implicatures here generates by the old man. The signal of
particularized can be seen in “You are
already a man”. The meaning of the sentence is : The boy has money now because he makes money, so he is able to treat or buy
beer.
Quotation
5:
“How old was I when you first took me in
a boat?”
“Five and you
nearly were killed when I bought the first in too green and he nearly tore the
boat to piesces.”(page 2 line 14-15)
The
conversation above also is a type of particularized implicature. The
particularized implicatures in this conversation generates by the old man. The
signal of particularized implicature can be seen in the sentence “You nearly
were killed when I bought the first in too green and he nearly tore the boat to
piesces.” The implication or the meaning of the sentence that “not said” is the
the boy is too young when the first time accompany the old man fishing.” The
boy in this age can not protect himself from danger situation because the
lackness of ability to make self
protection.
Quotation
6:
“Can you remember?”
“I can remember
the tail slapping and banging and the thwarft breaking and the noise of the
clubbing. I can remember you throwing me into the bow where the wet coiled
lines were nad feeling the whole boat shiver and the noise of you clubbing him
like chopping a tree down and the sweet blood smell all over me”.(page 2 line
15-20)
The
conversation above is a type of particularized implicature. The particularized implicatures
in this conversation generated by the boy. Actually the long answer from the
boy can be simplify by saying “ I know everything”. By this, the signal of
particularized implicature can be seen in the long sentence of the boy. The
meaning of the utterance is I know
everything.
Quotation
7:
“where are you going? The boy asked.
“Far out to come
in when the wind shifts. I want to be out before its light.”(page 2 line 38-39)
This
conversation is also a type of particularized implicature. The particularized implicatures
in this conversation generates by the old man. The sentence “Far out to come in
when the wind shifts. I want to be out before its light” is the signal of
particularized implicature. Actually this statement can easily understood by
the fisherman. The statement is not show the meaning of the sentence clearly.
The meaning of the sentence can be assume as
:” I will go to the favourite spot at the same time with the movement of
the wind that will help blow the sail toward the sea before sun rise.
Quotation
8:
“But are you stong enough now for a
truly big fish?”
“I think so. And there are many
tricks.”(page 3 line 2-3)
The
conversation in the senetence above is a type of particularized implicature.
The old man answer to the boy is one type of particularized implicatures. The
signal of the particularized implicature
in the sentence is the utterance “And there are so many trick.” This utterance did not show
the meaning in the structure of the sentence clearly. The particularized
meaning of the sentence is “Trick is more usefull than power or big energy.
Quotation
9:
“Do you want me to make the fire?”
“No. I will make it later on. Or I may
eat the rice cold.”(page 3 line 24-5)
The
conversation above is the type of conversational implicature. The old man reply
is the type of particularized implicatures. The signal of particularized can be
seen in the sentence “I will make it later on. Or I may eat the rice cold.” At
this time the oldman refuse the boy to light up the fire. By saying that
utterance the oldman want to tell the boy that he dont need the fire at the
time.
Quotation
10:
“Will you sit in the sun in the
doorway?”
“Yess. I have yesterday’s paper and I
will read the baseball.”(page 3 line 32-33)
This
conversation is a type of particularized implicatures. The particularized
implicature produces by the old man. The old man statement:” I have yesterday’s
paper and I will read the baseball is uttered to support his aggreement to sit
in the sun in the doorway. The meaning of the sentence is “ yes, I will.”
Quotation
11:
“Who can we borrow that from?”
“That’s easy. I can
always borrow two dollars and a half”.
This
dialogue taken from the novel”The Old man
and the Sea” page 4 line 2-3. The old man is asking the boy about how they
will got money to buy a lotterey, and the boy answer is “ I can always borrow
two dollars and a half.” This statement is a kind of particularized
implicature. The meaning of the utterance is “ I know someone who can lend us
money.”
Quotation
12:
“What
have you got?” he asked.
“supper,” said the boy. “We’re going to have
supper.”(page 4 line 21-22)
The
boy reply to the old man is tipe of particularized implicature. The boy
statement “Supper, we’re going to have supper” is the typical of
particularized. This sentence meaning is “ I got food and we are going to have
supper. The meaning of this sentence can be seen in the sentence eventhough does not stated clearly.
Quotation
13:
“I must thank him.”
“I
thanked him already.” The boy said. “You don’t need to thank him.” (page 4 line
34-35)
The
conversation took place in the old man house. The old man just knew that Martin
gave them food. So, the old man wants to thank him. The boy statement “ I
thanked him already” is a typical of particularized implicature. This statement
gave clear meaning that the old man must not thank the person who gave the boy
food because the boy already thanked him.
Quotation
14:
“He sent two beers.”
“I like the beer in cans best.”(page 4
line 40-41)
In this conversation, the boy just back
home after buying food stuff from the store. He later reports to the old man
that the shop owner sent two bottle of beer. The old man says “I like the beer
in cans best.” The conclusion from the two statement is the boy get two bottle
of beer however the old man like beer in cans. The old man statement is a type
of particularized implicature and the meaning of the sentence is “I don’t like
beer in bottle.”
Quotation
15:
“That’s very kind of you,”the old man
said.”should we eat?”
“I’ve been
asking you too,”the boy told him gently. “I have not wished to open the container
until you were ready.”(page 4 line 43-45)
This
conversation is took place in the old man’s house after the boy prepared meal
in front of them. They have talk about many thing until the old man realizes
that the food was prepared.The boy statement is the type of particularized
implicature. the signal of particularized implicature can seen in the sentence
“I have not wished to open the container until you were ready.” The meaning of
this utterance is “ Up to you”, we will eat the food when you were ready.
Quotation
16:
“I would like to
take the great DiMaggio fishing,” the old man said. “They say his father was a
fisherman. Maybe he was as poor as we are and would understand.”
“The great
Sisler’s father was never poor and he, the
father, was playing in the big leagues when he was my age.”(page 5 line
17-20).
In
this dialogue, the old man tells the boy the story about DiMaggio. The dialogue
is a type of particularized implicature. The particularized implicature
produces by the boy in the statement “He, the
father, was playing in the big leagues when he was my age.” This
statement has other meaning outside what was shown in the text. The meaning of
the sentence is “ An athlete who plays in the bigger league are richer than
other who plays in the smaller league. That’s why Sisler’s father is never poor
because he is playing in the bigger league.
Quotation
17:
“How
did your sleep old man?” the boy asked. He was waking up now although it was
still hard for him to leave his sleep.
“Very
well, Manolin,” the old man said. “I feel confident today.”(page 6 line 43-44)
The
old man respons to the boy in this sentence can be chategorized as
particularized implicature. The signal of implicature can be seen in the
sentence “I feel confident today.” This utterance stated to support his first
statement that his sleep was well. The meaning of the sentence is My sleep is well and I am ready to do
something today.
Quotation
18:
“How is he?” one of the fisherman
shouted.
“Sleeping,” the
boy called. He did not care that they saw him crying. “Let no one disturb him.”
This
dialogue taken from page no 34 line 36-38. This conversation cathegorized as particularized implicature.
The particularized implicature in the conversation produces by the boy. The boy
statement “Let no one disturb him” is the signal of the implicature. The
statement means “ He is sleeping and let him sleeping until he wake up by
himself.
Quotation
19:
“Hot and with plenty of milk and sugar
in it.”
“Anything more?”
“No. Afterwards I will see what he can
eat.”(page 34 line 43-44)
The
conversation took place in a cafe when the boy order drink to the cafe keeper.
The conversation is a type of particularized implicature. The implicature in
the conversation produces by the boy as a response to the cafe keeper. His
statement “No. Afterwards I will see what he can eat” is the signal of
implicature. The meaning the senetence that not stated by the speaker here is “
I will order something later on if it is necessary, Or I will order something
if the old man needs too.
Quotation
20:
“Did they search for me?”
“Of course. With cost guard and with
planes.”(page 35 page 20-21)
The
boy answer in this talk exchange is a type of particularizes implicature. The
boy statement “Of course. With cost guard and with planes” is the signal of
implicature that has meaning out side what was written. This statement can be
assume as “ Yes, many people are search for you or “People in the society are care of you”.
Quotation
21:
“I missed you,” he said. “What did you
catch?”
“One the first day. One the second and
two the third.”(page 35 line 24-25)
The
boy answer to the old man question is a type of particularized implicature. The
signal of the implicature can be seen in the statement “One the first day. One
the second and two the third”. The meaning of the sentence that not stated in
the sentence is “I got many fish.”
Quotation
22:
“How many days of heavy brisa have we?”
“Maybe three. Maybe more.”(page 35 line
37-38)
The
conversation above is the type of particularized implicature. The
particularized implicature in the conversation
produces by the boy. Actually, the statement “Maybe three. Maybe more”
have other meaning rather than what was written in the text. The meaning of the
sentence is “I do not know.”
Quotation
23:
“Do you want coffee?” the boy asked.
“We’ll put the gear in the boat and
then get some.” (page 6 line 39-40)
Particularized
implicatures here produces by the old man. The conversation took time in the
morning when the boy helps oldman prepares his departure to the sea. The old
man did not stated agreement or refusal to the boy question. When someone ask
“Do you want coffee?, the best answer for that question is yes, I need coffe or
No, I do not need coffee. However, the oldman inisiates to give reason of
refusal rather than gives normal answer. The special context here is that old
man prefer to put gear first or the old man feel “put gear” more important than
take coffee.
The
implication or the meaning of the old man utterance in this conversation is preparation first,
coffee time later. This also can be assumed as a refusal.
Quotation
24:
“What a fish it
was?” The proprietor said. “There has never been such a fish. Those were two
you took yesterday too.”
“Damn my fish,” the boy said and he
started to cry again.
The
boy answer to the proprietor is a type of particularized implicatures. In this
dialogue, the special feature of context present as the boy has no desire to
talk about fish in the situation of beloved old man lay unconsciously in front
of him. So when the proprietor asks the boy the kind of fish catched by the old
man, the boy inisiate to discontinue conversation by saying “damn my fish”.
So
the implication here is the boy has no
time to talk about fish at the moment. So by stating something out of topic of
conversation, the boy creates the particularized conversational implicatures.
Quotation
25:
“Now we fish together again.”
“No. I am not lucky. I am not lucky
anymore.”
“The hell with luck,” the boy said.
“I”ll bring the luck with me.” page 35
The
conversation taken from page 35line 27-29. The
particularized implicatures here produces by boy in the last sentence. The old man feels unlucky so
he refuses the boy to follow him fishing, the boy comment actually has no
relationship with the oldman utterance. It’s better to the boys to deny what
the old man felt by says “you are wrong” etc. The present of context here is
the boy has caugth many fish before so he may share his luck to unlucky old
man.
The
boy statement implies that he would share luck to the old man, so they will
lucky together. The last statement of the boy is typical of the particularized
implicatures.
Quotation
26:
“What will your family say?”
“I do not care.
I caught two yesterday. But we will fish together now for I still have much to
learn.” (page 35 line 30-32)
The
boy statement in this dialogue is a type of particularized implicatures. The
boy answer has no relevance to the topic of conversation. In the normal
conversation, the boy answer must be related to his family reaction if they
knew he went fishing with old man, such as they family disagree or his family
allow the boy fishing with old man. By saying something out of topic, the boy
is produce the particularized implicatures. So, the boy implys that he will go
fish with the old man.
The special feature of context here is
coming from the statement “ I do not care”. They boy may realizes tha he is
growing biggger now and he does not need permition from his parent anymore.
The
chategory of generalized implicatures is utterances which is use scale or
generalization word in the sentence. Scale and generalisation produces when
speaker use word such as ‘and’, ‘the’, ‘some’, ‘looks’,’know’, etc.
The
data found in the novel related to the generalized implicatures will be present
as follows.
Quotation
27:
“Can you really remember that or did I
just tell it to you?”
“I remember everything from when we
first went together.”(page 2 line 21-22)
The
generalized implicatures in this conversation generates by the boy. The boy use
word “everything” which is the typical of generalization implicatures. The boy
can not forget first fishing memory with the old man.
Quotation 28:
“Tell me about the great John J McGraw,”
he said Jota for J.
“He used to come
to the Terrace sometimes too in the older days.But he was rough and hardspoken
and difficult when he was drinking. His mind was on horses and as well as
baseball. At least he carried lists of horses at all times in his pocket and
frequentlty spoke the names of horses on the telephone.”(page 5 line 24-28)
This
is the type of generalized implicatures. The generalized conversational
implicature generates by old man. The old man first sentence use word “sometimes”
which is typical of generalized implicatures.
Quotation
29:
“He was a great manager,” the boy said.
“My father thinks he was the greatest.”
“Because he came
here the most times,” the old man said. If Durocher had continued to come here
each year your father would think him the greatest manager.”
The
old man uses word “the most”to this senetence which is typical of generalized
implicatures. By that fact, the old man answer to the boy can be chategorised
as generalized implicatures.
CONCLUSION
Finally,
what the writer found during the process of the research until the arrangement
of this thesis is the research
identified the use of implicatures and it’s sub division in the novel “The Old Man and the Sea” By Ernest
Hemingway. The characters in the novel usesimplicatures in their utterance to
interact among the characters in the novel.
The researcher found that
conversational implicatures is used at least
29 times, particularized implicatures used 26 times and generalized
implicatures used at least 3 times by the characters.
Based
on what researcher found, the use of implicatures in the novel is working and
gives meaningfull to all the participants because: (1). All characters know
each other, it’s help language user to estabilish a usefull communication to
each other, (2). Each participant understands the environtment, it’s also help
language user to estabilish a usefull communication to the user and (3). The
researcher did not found a participant fail to interprete the speaker intention, it achieved after all
particapant has knowledge to understand each other.
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